Members of Coronado's expedition, searching vainly for the Seven Cities of Cibola, in 1540 conquered Hawikuh and neighboring Pueblo towns. Disease, famine, and religious oppression by their new rulers provoked the Pueblos to revolt in 1680. They drove out the Spanish, but gained only 12 years of freedom before being
re-conquered.
Present-day Pueblo Indians, including the Hopi, are farmers and herders whose ancestry reaches directly back to the prehistoric Anasazi tradition. Despite strong pressures of white culture, many elements of Anasazi religious and social organization persist in their towns of stone and adobe.
The Navajos derived agricultural and weaving techniques from Pueblo neighbors. Spaniards introduced animal husbandry. In the mid-19th century, the Navajos adopted the silversmithing art of the Mexicans.
Navajos and Apaches, in the Southwest since about A.D. 1500, speak an Athapaskan language that attests to their western Canadian origins.
